Magnetic relaxation in
tissues can be enhanced using pharmaceuticals called contrast
agents. The most commonly used of these agents for orthopedic
imaging are the paramagnetic compounds, which have their
strongest effect on the T1 in tissues where they have
accumulated. These contrast agents can be injected
intravenously, increasing T1 signal intensity in tissues where
they accumulate. The MR signal collected still results from
the water protons, but the presence of these contrast agents
enhances the relaxation of water protons in their vicinity.
Paramagnetic contrast agents contain magnetic centers that
create magnetic fields approximately one thousand times
stronger than those corresponding to water protons. These
magnetic centers interact with water protons in exactly the
same way as the neighboring protons described in Sections
1.3.2 and 1.3.3 above, but with much stronger magnetic fields,
and therefore, have a much greater impact on relaxation rates,
particularly on T1. In orthopedic imaging, contrast agents are
routinely injected intravenously to help identify areas of
hypervascularity, as in malignant tumors.